Punnakayal estuary
|
Name of the estuary
|
Punnakayal estuary
|
|
Name of the river
|
Thamiraparani
|
|
Place
|
Punnakayal
|
|
District
|
Thoothukudi
|
|
State
|
Tamil Nadu
|
|
Important landmarks
|
Punnakayal
|
|
Average Depth
|
2 m
|
|
Type of the estuary
|
Bar-built
|
|
Water temperature
|
27°C
|
|
Nature of the substratum
|
Muddy
|
|
Salinity
|
29.9 ppt
|
|
Dissolve doxygen
|
4.54 ml/l
|
Image
River Basin Map
Photos
Physico-chemical parameters
Heavy metals in the water (mg/L) of PUnnakayal station 1 and 2
|
Sl.
No.
|
Months
|
Zn
|
Pb
|
Fe
|
Cr
|
|
S1
|
S2
|
S1
|
S2
|
S1
|
S2
|
S1
|
S2
|
|
1
|
Feb. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.051
|
0.048
|
0.71
|
0.45
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
|
2
|
Mar. ‘08
|
0.38
|
BDR
|
0.030
|
0.026
|
0.99
|
0.81
|
0.150
|
0.130
|
|
3
|
Apr. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.020
|
0.020
|
0.78
|
0.75
|
0.080
|
0.080
|
|
4
|
May ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.020
|
0.010
|
0.11
|
0.10
|
0.06
|
0.040
|
|
5
|
June ‘08
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
0.033
|
0.030
|
0.61
|
0.65
|
0.068
|
0.064
|
|
6
|
July ‘08
|
0.31
|
0.21
|
0.035
|
0.011
|
1.80
|
0.80
|
0.066
|
0.058
|
|
7
|
Aug. ‘08
|
0.25
|
0.28
|
0.051
|
0.070
|
1.50
|
0.35
|
0.088
|
0.071
|
|
8
|
Sep. ‘08
|
0.28
|
0.25
|
0.050
|
0.065
|
1.60
|
0.38
|
0.100
|
0.091
|
|
9
|
Oct. ‘08
|
0.38
|
0.28
|
0.070
|
0.080
|
2.88
|
3.18
|
0.160
|
0.110
|
|
10
|
Nov.‘08
|
0.45
|
0.41
|
0.081
|
0.068
|
2.55
|
2.48
|
0.230
|
0.180
|
|
11
|
Dec.’08
|
0.31
|
0.18
|
0.058
|
0.033
|
3.31
|
1.23
|
0.110
|
0.080
|
|
12
|
Jan. ‘09
|
0.35
|
0.21
|
0.038
|
0.015
|
2.81
|
0.80
|
0.080
|
0.100
|
|
Sl.
No.
|
Months
|
Hg
|
Ni
|
Mn
|
Cd
|
|
S1
|
S2
|
S1
|
S2
|
S1
|
S2
|
S1
|
S2
|
|
1
|
Feb. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.270
|
0.140
|
0.05
|
0.03
|
|
2
|
Mar. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.18
|
0.08
|
0.180
|
0.150
|
0.05
|
0.08
|
|
3
|
Apr. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.150
|
0.170
|
0.03
|
0.01
|
|
4
|
May ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.180
|
0.180
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
|
5
|
June ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
|
6
|
July ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.18
|
0.10
|
0.173
|
0.183
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
|
7
|
Aug. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.18
|
0.08
|
0.200
|
0.250
|
0.04
|
0.04
|
|
8
|
Sep. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.21
|
0.12
|
0.130
|
0.080
|
0.05
|
0.04
|
|
9
|
Oct. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.13
|
0.13
|
0.130
|
0.180
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
|
10
|
Nov.‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.23
|
0.18
|
0.180
|
0.190
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
|
11
|
Dec.’08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.07
|
0.09
|
0.150
|
0.180
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
|
12
|
Jan. ‘09
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.01
|
0.11
|
0.210
|
0.150
|
0.04
|
0.01
|
S1 – Station 1; S2 – Station 2; BDR – Below Detectable Range
Heavy metals in the sediment (mg/gm Dry weight) of Punnakayal station 1 and 2
|
Sl.
No.
|
Months
|
Zn
|
Pb
|
Fe
|
Cr
|
|
S1
|
S2
|
S1
|
S2
|
S1
|
S2
|
S1
|
S2
|
|
1
|
Feb. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.058
|
0.056
|
0.66
|
0.66
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
|
2
|
Mar. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.038
|
0.033
|
1.58
|
1.65
|
0.190
|
0.100
|
|
3
|
Apr. ‘08
|
0.23
|
BDR
|
0.028
|
0.028
|
0.81
|
0.88
|
0.100
|
0.100
|
|
4
|
May ‘08
|
0.60
|
BDR
|
0.020
|
0.020
|
0.53
|
0.35
|
0.073
|
0.060
|
|
5
|
June ‘08
|
0.21
|
0.06
|
0.045
|
0.030
|
0.96
|
0.81
|
0.083
|
0.060
|
|
6
|
July ‘08
|
0.22
|
0.08
|
0.041
|
0.028
|
2.00
|
1.00
|
0.085
|
0.080
|
|
7
|
Aug. ‘08
|
0.35
|
0.25
|
0.088
|
0.068
|
1.80
|
0.61
|
0.100
|
0.080
|
|
8
|
Sep. ‘08
|
0.19
|
0.18
|
0.071
|
0.070
|
1.80
|
0.68
|
0.130
|
0.070
|
|
9
|
Oct. ‘08
|
0.31
|
0.25
|
0.096
|
0.078
|
3.10
|
3.15
|
0.180
|
0.180
|
|
10
|
Nov.‘08
|
0.43
|
0.31
|
0.088
|
0.088
|
3.50
|
3.00
|
0.260
|
0.180
|
|
11
|
Dec.’08
|
0.21
|
0.18
|
0.060
|
0.045
|
2.80
|
2.10
|
0.130
|
0.110
|
|
12
|
Jan. ‘09
|
0.28
|
0.21
|
0.040
|
0.018
|
2.00
|
0.81
|
0.100
|
0.110
|
|
Sl.
No.
|
Months
|
Hg
|
Ni
|
Mn
|
Cd
|
|
S1
|
S2
|
S1
|
S2
|
S1
|
S2
|
S1
|
S2
|
|
1
|
Feb. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.27
|
0.300
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
|
2
|
Mar. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.192
|
0.186
|
0.20
|
0.150
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
|
3
|
Apr. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.18
|
0.180
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
|
4
|
May ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.21
|
0.150
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
|
5
|
June ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.025
|
BDR
|
0.09
|
BDR
|
0.01
|
BDR
|
|
6
|
July ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.180
|
0.080
|
0.59
|
0.193
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
|
7
|
Aug. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.220
|
0.091
|
0.33
|
0.130
|
0.05
|
0.04
|
|
8
|
Sep. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.230
|
0.138
|
0.31
|
0.190
|
0.05
|
0.04
|
|
9
|
Oct. ‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.280
|
0.140
|
0.33
|
0.198
|
0.06
|
0.05
|
|
10
|
Nov.‘08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.300
|
0.183
|
0.35
|
0.230
|
0.08
|
0.05
|
|
11
|
Dec.’08
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.100
|
0.070
|
0.20
|
0.150
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
|
12
|
Jan. ‘09
|
BDR
|
BDR
|
0.100
|
0.051
|
0.21
|
0.110
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
S1 – Station 1; S2 – Station 2; BDR – Below Detectable Range
Reference
Rajesh Sthevan, T. Siva Rama Krishnan and Jamila Patterson, 2011. Preliminary survey on the heavy metal pollution in Punnakayal estuary of Tuticorin coast, Tamil Nadu. Global Journal of Environmental Research, 5(2): 89–96.